The Future Of Criminology - 2252 Words

The Future of Criminology Tracy Doubledee CJS/231 May 25, 2015 Chris Hammond The Future of Criminology Over the past several years criminology has made leaps, bounds, and advances to enhance capturing criminals. Due to the increasing technology at the fingertips of criminals and terrorists law enforcement has been forced to step of their resources and intelligence. The government is constantly faced with new methods people have created to commit crime. Technology is infiltrating every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of crimes and even to attempts to predict them. What steps is law enforcement and the government taking to ensure our safety and to catch the criminals and terrorists?†¦show more content†¦While most of us would never want to go back to doing things the old fashioned way, it is very important to be aware that anyone can become a victim of cybercrime. â€Å"To effectively detect and deter cyber criminals, it is vital for our law enforcement agencies and our legal community to look beyond our nation’s borders and work with their international colleagues in order to have a global framework of cybercrime statutes. One of the new devices to help detect cyber criminals is a Wi-Fi Investigator. The Wi-Fi Investigator is a tool designed to help law enforcement officials specify locations in order to apprehend suspect devices, including laptops and smartphones. Another featured gadget produces powerful magnetic pulses in order to instantly erase sensitive data in the event of a security breach† (Brown, 2010). Another useful tool for law enforcement is the Global Positioning System or GPS. This is used to help track criminals on probation and parole. This can also be useful in court to show a suspects whereabouts during trial or in tracking down a kidnapped victim. The GPS has become a vital part of an investigation and something that some investigators may even rely on. The same can be said for cellphones since most of them now days are equipped to tell your location as well. Tools and d evices are not the only thing that is used to try to deter cybercrimes, there are laws in place as well. Recently, President Obama calls for aShow MoreRelatedFuture of Criminology1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, thereforeRead MoreThe Role Of Criminology And The Future Of Criminology1583 Words   |  7 Pagesintegration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society. Researchers have begun to study crime and the punishments associated with specific crimes that do not include trust crimes such as fraud, workplace theft or income tax invasion. However, they are studying an array of criminal behaviors that involve illicit and illegal behaviors in an effort to establish how important integrated theory will aff ect the future of criminology. First, integrated theory mustRead MoreCriminology : Criminology s The Future1959 Words   |  8 Pages Criminology in The Future By Adrian Gallardo CJS 231 Professor Christopher Bough January 18, 2016 Criminology in the Future Introduction Crime in the early ages was fought by very little resources because the technology was not as advance as it is now. In the early years police officer did not even have vehicles they had foot patrol then they moved on to motorcycles then to vehicles known as radio vehicles. Our criminal justice system is not stopping here theyRead MoreEssay on Criminology in the Future3348 Words   |  14 PagesCRIMINOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 1 Criminology in the Future As the world changes, people change, new technology advances, and so does crime. Criminals look for new ways to commit crime and the â€Å"loop holes† in the laws. The justice system needs to stay on top of these new technologies to protect the people. With the advancement of technology, law officials have to follow the rules of law. Law Enforcement must keep these â€Å"liberties† in mind when fighting cybercrime. The Bill of Rights guaranteesRead More The American Society Of Criminology Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Society Of Criminology â€Å"AHHHHhhhhh!† I let out a girlish scream and squirmed as shivers went strait up my spine. I was glued to the latest episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a show that I have watched religiously since its debut. Criminology is something that has always fascinated me, and is a career that I hope to pursue in the future as an FBI agent. I frequently surf the web looking for short stories to read about different criminal cases and to find informationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Theory Integration1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories is that decreases repetition where two theories are relaying the same message with different opinions. Another advantage is that integration brings consistency to theories Future of Theory Integration Theory integration requires goals in order to make an impact on the future of criminology. According to Muftic (2009), the first goal of integration is theory reduction. Reducing the number of theories that basically explain the same behavior reduces the competition amongst researchersRead MoreDiscuss the Nature, Scope and Objectives of the Study of Criminology.1359 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the nature, scope and objectives of the study of Criminology. Crime has always accompanied mankind. The oldest order available to us today, like provided in the cave paintings in France and the old books as the Bible show that this was not a stranger to us hundreds or even thousands of years ago. We can even with these materials to draw a conclusion that the development of civilization has contributed to its creation. The formation of increasingly larger clusters of human foster the developmentRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and the early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole somethingRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesJustice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are twoRead MoreAfrican American Criminal Justice Graduates in the Real World715 Words   |  3 Pagesfield. In addition, future criminal justice graduates will have a sense of where their career path will lead to. Experts also examine if having a criminal justice degree is necessary for individuals to become police officers, correctional officers, or probation and parole officers. This research was published by the International journal of Criminal Justice Sciences in December of 2013. The authors thesis is that the individual perceptions of criminal justice and criminology major s are important

Management Style in Nigeria - 2580 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AUTOCRATIC OR AUTHORITARIAN MANAGEMENT STYLE a. Advantages of Autocratic Management b. Disadvantages of Autocratic Management 3. DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT a. Advantages of Democratic Management b. Disadvantages of Democratic Management 4. LAISSEZ FAIRE MANAGEMENT a. Advantages of Laissez Faire Management b. Disadvantages of Laissez Faire Management 5. MANAGEMENT STYLE OF THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT 6. MANAGEMENT STYLE IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT a. the role of a manager b. approach to change c. approach to time and priorities d. decision making e. boss or team player? f. communication and negotiation styles INTRODUCTION What is management style? Management style refers to the way a superior†¦show more content†¦Making the staff feel valued can increasing morale and productivity. Disadvantages of Democratic Management If a vote or meeting takes place when every major decision has to be made, the whole process can take a long time. Management may struggle if asked to take quick and decisive action, something an autocratic manager would strive under. The decided decisions may not be in the company’s best interest, because they are decided upon by the majority, with the majority being the workers, decisions could lean towards their best interests and not the company’s. LAISSEZ FAIRE MANAGEMENT In Laissez Faire management, the manager takes a back seat in proceedings, leaving the staff in charge of their own specific sections or tasks. This allows the employees to stamp their own creative freedom and ideas on the company; the manager will not interfere and will not get involved. The laissez faire style leaves a great deal of responsibility and creativity in the hands of the workers, which is why it’s so important to get the right team together, not everyone can work under a laissez-faire manager who sets a task then leaves the staff to do the rest. The laissez faire manager is looked upon as more of a coach or advisor than a stereotypical manager. Advantages of Laissez Faire Management Laissez-faire management leaves a lot of responsibility in the hands of the workers, this can lead to improved morale, the staff will feel valuedShow MoreRelatedConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Ceos Nigeria1430 Words   |  6 Pagesframeworks used, and identifying which frame work best applies to the topic: â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate CEO’s in Nigeria†. Also the extract below introduces the theory of â€Å"conflict management† thus describing the conceptual perspectives that informs the different forms behavior by which conflict may be handled. Conflict management Rahim and Bonoma (1979) researched and separated the styles of managing conflict. The two authors devised two basic dimensions namely: â€Å"concern forRead MoreConflict Management And Visionary Leadership971 Words   |  4 PagesThese articles are about conflict management styles in various organizations using Nigeria as a case study. The authors Kaban Conar (2012) wrote this article â€Å"Conflict Management and Visionary Leadership† to find efficient conflict measures to resolve conflict without harming institution targets and activities. Prause and Mujtab (2015) looked into the current â€Å"Current Management Practice in diverse workplace† with the purpose of finding best conflict management style. Rahim (2002) researched on â€Å"TowardRead MoreA Research Study On Organizational Conflict969 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational conflicts in Nigeria emerge due to inability of the system to fulfill the collective agreement with the employees. This leads to e mployees quitting from the job. Another source of conflict exists between employees; arguments and competition on promotion, position and performance being the causes. Employees resigning from their job leads to low productivity and bad organizational reputation in most situations. However, as a result of high cases of poor conflict management styles, its growing complexityRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesand evaluating previous researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competitionRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesand evaluating previous researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (employees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competitionRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1527 Words   |  7 Pagescollection and sample and ethical issues to consider with quantitative data collection methods. Problem Statement Organizational conflict arises when an individual or group perceives a threat to her/their interest. Most organizational conflicts in Nigeria emerge due to the inability of the system to fulfill the collective agreement with the employees (Ekong, 2000). This leads to employees quitting from the job. Another source of conflict exists between employees; arguments and competition for promotionRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1562 Words   |  7 Pagescollection and sample and ethical issues to consider with quantitative data collection methods. Problem Statement Organizational conflict arises when an individual or group perceives a threat to her/their interest. Most organizational conflicts in Nigeria emerge due to the inability of the system to fulfill the collective agreement with the employees (Ekong, 2000). This leads to employees quitting from the job. Another source of conflict exists between employees; arguments and competition for promotionRead MoreThe Research Problem Using Qualitative Methodology1570 Words   |  7 Pagesduring qualitative data collection methods and finally how potential data can be coded. Problem Statement Organizational conflict arises when an individual or group perceives a threat to her/their interest. Most organizational conflicts in Nigeria emerge due to the inability of the system to fulfill the collective agreement with the employees (Ekong, 2000). This leads to employees quitting from the job. Another source of conflict exists between employees; arguments and competition for promotionRead MoreLeadership Roles And Its Impact On Organizations Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership and leaders in any organization is crucial to its continuity and profitability. Leadership as a function in an organization determines the motivation of employees, working culture and efficiency among others. Countries in Africa such as Nigeria and other European countries face the same needs in terms of leadership. Background of the study Every organization is a social setup that is separate from the environment in which it exists and pursues its own goals as well as controlling its performanceRead MoreThe Effects of Military Governance in Nigeria Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesNigeria is an oil-rich state located in the eastern part of African. Since gaining independence in 1960, it has faced numerous regime changes. These fluctuations in stable governance have both positively and negatively affected the livelihood of the Nigerian people. The struggle for power has been a toss-up between civilian governments and militaristic dictators, each fighting to gain control of the lucrative oil reserves. As the military seeks to rid corruption from the ruling body, it has brought

The Indian Removal Act Essay - 2106 Words

The Indian Removal Act Jacelyn Harrington The University of New Hampshire Social Welfare Policy 525.01 April 14, 2015 Today the United States is known as a land of freedom, and as elegantly stated by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Unfortunately these words have not always been a reality for Native Americans, who were treated not as equals, but as subhuman by early white European settlers. 1. Social Problem During the early years of the new nation, there were a multitude of social problems the United States had to struggle with. The founding fathers and many early settlers felt that if this young new nation was indeed to reach its full potential as a strong world power, the Western lands needed to be established. President Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was an enormous step forward in achieving this vision for the United States, as it gained a massive amount of territories West of the original thirteen colonies (Schlesinger, 1993, p. 148). The issue was, Indians already occupied these lands and had for many generations. The major social policy of the 19th century, known as the manifest destiny, explains that it is â€Å"our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions† (Schlesinger, 1993, p. 249). This ultimately led white European settlers on anShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Remo val Act Essay example616 Words   |  3 PagesIndian Removal Act In 1830, the Jackson administration instated the Indian Removal Act. This act removed the Native Americans from their ancestral lands to make way for an increase of additional American immigrants. This act forced many Native American tribes from their homes including five larger tribes, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creek, and Seminole. These tribes had populations were estimated to be around 65,000 people strong that lived in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,Read MoreIndian Removal Act Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Indian Removal Act signed by the president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, caused controversy and the brutal and merciless suffering of the Native Americans during The Trail of Tears. The beginning of the 1830’s was a time when the Native Americans occupied The Deep South. This, however, was problematic for the white farmers who were in need of farmland in order to increase their production of cotton. Nevertheless, Andrew Jackson, the se venth president of the United States, coerced theRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act and Andrew Jackson Essay588 Words   |  3 PagesShort Term Essay The Indian Removal Act, inspired by Andrew Jackson; the 7th president of the US and the enhanced ambition for American settlers to find more land in the southwestern regions of North America. The Indian Removal Act enabled Jackson the power of negotiating removal treaties with Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. Among these tribes were: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaws and Seminoles. Very few authenticated traits were signed. The Choctaws were the only tribe to agree withoutRead MoreHistory: The Indian Removal Act Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthey needed the Natives out. There were several motives for the removal of the Indians from their lands, to include racism and land lust. Since they first arrived, the white Americans hadn’t been too fond of the Native Americans. They were thought to be highly uncivilized and they had to go. In his letter to Congress addressing the removal of the Indian tribes, President Jackson states the following: â€Å"It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them fromRead MoreAndrew Jackson Indian Removal Act Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans like wars and land disputes. In the 1830s he wanted to end these conflicts so he put in place the Indian Removal Act of 1830. I believe Andrew Jackson rightly and correctly removed the Indians. Even though many Indians died along the way Jackson had a reason behind what he did and should not be to blamed for their deaths. One of Andrew Jackson’s reason behind the Indian Removal Act was so that the United States could achieve their goal of Manifest Destiny, which is the belief AmericansRead MoreThe Trail of Tears, Indian Removal Act of 1830 Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesSarah Nawotny 11/24/2012 ENG 101-I NATIVE AMERICANS: the trail of tears, the indian removal act of 1830, reservation opression I have decided to dive into the depths of the American Indians and the reasoning behind all of the poverty and the oppression of the â€Å"white man.† In doing so I came across a couple of questions that I would like to answer. A). How did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 affect Native American culture, financial status, health, and B). Identity and how is life on the reservationRead MoreDid Andrew Jacksons Removal Act Benefit the Indians? Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesRobert V. Remini shows that Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act benefits the Native Americans. Andrew Jackson made notice of the issue with the Indians in his inaugural speech on March 4, 1829. He declared that he wanted to give humane and considerable attention to the Indian’s rights and wants in respect to the government and people. Jackson knew that meant to get rid of all remaining tribes beyond the Mississippi River. He (Jackson) believed that the Indians would be better off in the west; with outRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Removal Of The Indians1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthe removal of the Cherokees. And though the removal of the Cherokees was completely illegal, the United States government still sought to justify the Cherokee removal with ideas that in retrospect proved to be mostly opinions and exaggerations. One of the most popular ideas that justified the Indian Removal was that the United States was moving the Cherokees for their own sake. Lewis Cass, a supporter of the Indian Removal and a governor of Michigan territory, wrote an essay titled â€Å"Removal of theRead MoreThe Political Issues Of The Indian Removal Act Of 18301154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Political Issues of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 Former President Andrew Jackson was responsible for putting the Indian Removal Act of 1830 in place. It forcibly removed five civilized Native American tribes— Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—from the southern United States. The act would stay in effect until the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842. Native Americans’ feelings toward the United States government have changed from one of annoyance to disgust since being takenRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase Affected The Boundaries Of The United States1713 Words   |  7 PagesClark led an expedition westward to determine the upper reaches of the Missouri River. Throughout the expedition Lewis and Clark were instructed to study the Indian culture, such as plants and animals. They were able to explore the Indian culture when they stayed their first winter in huts beside the Mandan Indians. Without the help from the Indians they would not have survived the winter. They also had to draw out the geo graphy of the West. After the treacherous journey, they reached the Pacific Ocean

Conflicting Perspectives-to Kill a Mockingbird - 785 Words

The concept of conflicting perspectives is consistently present in Harper Lees’ novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The text asks questions about current trends in society and the attitudes that cause people to ‘act like sheep† and conform while also expressing the need for individuality. It also brings into question the way the judicial system should be beyond reproach no matter what man is on trial, whether they be white or black. In a similar manner it also shows changing attitudes in regards to racism over time and in turn establish a conflicting perspective between the reader and characters of the novel. Written in the 1960’s and set in the 1930’s, the text is removed from its immediate context as it portrays the defence of a black man,†¦show more content†¦Another conflicting perspective is set up between the readers themselves and the characters of the novel. The reader empathises with Atticus’ goal and is shocked and affronted to the racism presented in this novel. In our, the responder’s, context racism is looked down upon however Lee contrasts this to the context of her novel where racism is ever present. The common conception of the 1930’s is shown in the repetition of â€Å"Negro†,Show MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill: Similarities and Differences818 Words   |  4 PagesA Time to Kill and To Kill a Mockingbird both have a number of similarities to be compared and contrasted. Both stories can be compared in their themes about justice and racial prejudice. However, this is where the similarities end. The the mes and ideas in both novels are vastly different in shape and scope. In A Time to Kill justice is the main theme and most of the ideas are focused on justice and the gray in between the lines of black and white set by the law, racial prejudice is also touchedRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesJem. These laws followed the Southern societal ideas of the separation between races, but also demonstrated a division between a community where individuals held different moral ideas. To Kill a Mockingbird explores human morality from the perception of a six year old child, providing a different perspective on important issues of this time period. Scout’s understanding of morality develops from her once simple idea of an individual being either good or evil to a much more complete comprehensionRead MoreSnow Falling on Cedars, The Greasy Pole and To Kill a Mockingbird Compared1164 Words   |  5 PagesThrough composers use of conflicting perspectives, a div erse set of values are presented, offering responders insight and a deeper understanding of political, social and economic incongruities within society. David Guterson’s courtroom drama, Snow Falling On Cedars (1994) utilises the symbolic setting of the court trial and the island of San Piedro as a microcosm to reflect the embedded racial discrimination within American society. The characterisation of Ishmael, as an embittered individual allowsRead MoreLoss of Innocence in Raisin in the Sun and To Kill a Mockingbird1974 Words   |  8 Pages Recently, I have read both a Raisin in the Sun and To Kill a Mockingbird, both considered literary classics. They share a number of similar themes and character that face similar situations. Ultimately, they have extremely different plots, but address the same issues; some that were common around the time they were published, and some that carry relevance into current times. What I wish to bring to light in this essay is that in both novels, there are many characters that lives’ hit a shatter-pointRead More The Theme of Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay example2548 Words   |  11 PagesThe Theme of Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird’ teaches us about the deceit and prejudice amongst the residents of Maycomb County, all of whom have very contrasting and conflicting views. We are told the story through the eyes of little girl, Scout, and the day-to-day prejudices she faces amongst society. Her father, Atticus, is a white man defending a Negro, even though the town frowns upon such a thing. He is trying to bring order to the socially segregating viewsRead MoreThe Broken Ladder Of Society2580 Words   |  11 Pagesboasts perfection and happiness for all. Throughout history, the human race has gone through periods of injustice, social inequality and morally questionable doings.There are many memoirs and accounts of social injustice, though the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee reflects upon it in a perceptive manner that is difficult to embody. The social hierarchy benefited no one, from the lowest ranked coloured folk’s who were burdened by stereotypes, the outcasts whom fooled their community with

New Zealand Television Limited Essay - 1177 Words

Overview The estimated equity of New Zealand Television Limited is to be NZ$550 million. The implied share price value with 140 million shares is estimated to be $3.93. The expression of interest to acquire 10% stake of New Zealand Television is approximately $0.55 per share, of which total equity value is $55 million. Background Television New Zealand Limited (TVNZ) is publicly known as Crown-owned national broadcaster in New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region. It was initially created through the merger of TV ONE and TV2 along with The Television New Zealand Act 2003 and a broad of directors appointed by the Minister Broadcasting and the Minister of Finance. TVNZ currently operates five main channels, which are TV ONE, TV2, TV ONE plus, TV2+1 and Kidzone24 respectively, and is owning 44.9% interest in Freeview Limited. High ratio of total equity over total assets and near-zero gearing ratio indicate that TVNZ is heavily funded by equity and low level of debt, generally a small portion of loan and borrowings. With adequate equity, TVNZ is expanding through transmissions of programmes and integrated advertising opportunities. They relinquished its stake in both Hybrid Television Services and Igloo and is now paying more attention on TVNZ OnDemand as a new platform for launching more innovative service in the future. TVNZ gains 95% of their revenue coming from commercial activity – mainly advertising. Another approximately 5% of their revenue, earned from governmentShow MoreRelatedPorter s Five Forces Analysis On New Zealand Cinema Industry1208 Words   |  5 PagesPorter s five forces analysis on New Zealand Cinema Industry New Zealand cinema industry can be referred as the production, post production, film distribution and film exhibition (Ministry of Economic Development, 2012). Industry profitability and attractiveness can be identified using Michael Porter s Five Forces analysis. This analysis includes following forces: †¢ Threat of new entrants †¢ Rivalry among existing competitors †¢ Threat of substitutes †¢ Bargaining power of buyers †¢ Bargaining powerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Ballad Of Jed Clampett 1460 Words   |  6 Pagesbluegrass would be the theme song â€Å"The Ballad of Jed Clampett† from the television show The Beverly Hillbillies. The show was one of the few American shows airing on New Zealand television at the time. The Flatt and Scruggs theme tune and Scruggs style banjo influenced player Paul Trenwith, who said â€Å"that’s how I wanted to learn banjo, and we found out there was a whole music genre that went with that, so we chased that up.†[10] Television was one of the key ways that the bluegrass genre was and still isRead MoreEssay The Role And Functions Of New Zealand Government1665 Words   |  7 Pages The New Zealand Government has made significant changes to the economy throughout the last 15 years. The operation and organisation of business activity in New Zealand has been affected by this changing economy. All aspects of the New Zealand Government hav e been altered. The reason for this change was to improve the performance by being more efficient. The key reforms are privatisation and corporatisation of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and restructuring government agencies. The most significantRead MoreEssay938 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1981 there were huge divisions throughout New Zealand due to the South African rugby team touring New Zealand. The tour lasted 56 days in total and started on the 22nd of July at Gisborne and finished 12th of September at Auckland. This tour affected nearly all of New Zealand; families and friends were put against each other - divided by who was for and against the tour. Though the tour itself took place in 1981, however the lead up for it really began in the 1956 when the All Blacks rugby teamRead MorePublic Presence Of Prostitution : Public Stigma And Moral Taint Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with sex works, makes the location and public presence of sex work heavily disputed. When first introduced, concerns were raised regarding whether acknowledging sex work as a legal occupation would increase the number of sex workers (New Zealand Government 2012). Research, however, suggests that there has been no significant increase in the number of sex workers post-decriminalisation (Abel, Fitzgerald, Brunton 2007). Though it has not increased the number of sex workers, it has allowedRead MoreObesity : The Body Mass Index Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesrelative to height. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines obesity as having a BMI greater than or equal to 30 (World Health Organisation, 2015). New Zealand (NZ) ranks 3rd highest for obes ity rates amongst OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries with 1 in 9 children classified as obese (Statistics New Zealand, 2015). The rate of childhood obesity in NZ has increased from 8% in 2006/7 to 11% in 2014/15 (Ministry of Health, 2015). Obesity is of particular concernRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1440 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most impactful events on New Zealand, and even South African society. The controversial idea of having sporting interactions with apartheid ruled South Africa was not new to New Zealand politics, yet with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon in charge, the situation was escalated to astonishing heights. The violence all around New Zealand, between police, protesters and anti-protestors was immense. The impact that the 1981 â€Å"riots† had on New Zealand was not limited to the obvious sting of having suchRead MoreThe Commonwealth Bank Of Australia1645 Words   |  7 Pagesacross New Zealand, Fiji, Asia, USA and the United Kingdom. Commonly referred to as the Commonwealth Bank (or CBA or Commbank), it provides a variety of financial services. Examples of this are retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is one of the largest listed companies on the Australian Stock Exchange as of August 2015 with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments Limited, ASBRead MoreThe Medi An Effective Message1637 Words   |  7 Pages5.6 Buzzwords The news media used a few key phrases that were repeated in order to perpetuate positive understandings of the NZDF deployment of troops in Afghanistan. Messages such as ‘NZDF personnel are not going to war’, ‘not just fighting Taliban†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, not just about a war on terror, but also about the overall kindness and affable attitude of New Zealand - reconstruction, hospitals, schools, (He Toki, 2013). The airtime in mainstream media is increasingly limited and these kinds of buzzword portrayRead MorePizza Hut Analysis1007 Words   |  5 Pagespizzas under one roof Famous television advertising Food attracts people of various ranges from young to old. Sound financial situation and international turnover. 100% owned by yum! Pizza Hut sits on top of global full-service restaurant tree Weaknesses †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Threat †¢ †¢ †¢ Rising competition undermines Pizza Hut as consumers go for greater convenience Rising cheese costs threaten margins Threat from Dominos pizza, also from Mc Donald’s who have tried to introduce a new meal that is a Pizza called:

Thomas Green free essay sample

What is your analysis of Thomas Green’s actions and job performance in his first five months? What mistakes has he made? Thomas Green doesn’t have much to show for after his first five months on the job. I feel Mr. Green was the most effective during the first few weeks after his promotion. He was able to accomplish a lot before the Budget Plan Meeting on October 8, 2008. One of Mr. Green’s biggest mistakes was publicly disagreeing with Mr. Davis’ sales growth projections. Mr.Green’s performance decreased drastically after this meeting. Mr. Green, in my opinion, spent the next several months complaining about the inflated sales goal, and trying to get others in Dynamic Displays to see his point of view. During Mr. Green’s second month performance evaluation, Mr. Green and Mr. Davis spoke about several things he had been doing wrong. Some of these problems were: not keeping an updated schedule, not following up when information is requested, and a lack of enthusiasm. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Green or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Mr. Green felt like he was being micromanaged he was very reluctant to do what Mr.Davis had suggested. Mr. Green did not heed his boss’s advice about using hard data and presentations. Mr. Green later received feedback from several of his sales associates that this hard data was going to be essential in closing the sales with many of the prospective clients. 2. What actions, if any, would you recommend for Thomas Green to take? (Be sure to explain WHY these are the actions he should take. ) Mr. Green’s first plan of action should be to complete the self-evaluation of his performance that Ms. McDonald, Mr.Davis’ boss, asked him to complete. Mr. Green should use the points Mr. Davis suggested when completing the self-evaluation, because this is how upper management will be viewing him as well. Furthermore, I feel Mr. Green needs to listen to Mr. Davis more. Mr. Davis was in the same position he was just a few months earlier and was successful at what he did. Mr. Davis is trying to be a charismatic and transformational leader when he is setting these lofty and long term goals for Mr. Green. Mr. Davis has set these goals because he is held accountable for Mr.Green and is trying to make Mr. Green as efficient as he can. I would recommend that Mr. Green begins following the instruction of Mr. Davis because it seems to me that his job security is on the line. Mr. Davis is a very task oriented fact driven leader; Mr. Green will not look very productive to Mr. Davis if he is unable to complete these tasks. Of the two leadership behaviors Mr. Davis is more of the initiating structure, which is proven to increase job performance. When looking at Fiedler’s Contingency Theory it is clear that Mr.Davis is a task oriented leader because of the amount of control he desires. I feel Mr. Green is more familiar with management having a consideration behavior. He feels that Mr. Davis cannot trust him with handling his job. That being said, Mr. Green, with his job on the line, needs to change his approach to his Senior Market Specialist position. If he is unable to follow the requirements that Mr. Davis seeks of him, I feel he should set up a personal meeting with Mr. Davis and Ms. McDonald to go over some of the problems that are troubling him with this business relationship.

Denver baggage system free essay sample

Analysis of the Denver International Airport baggage system Michael Schloh Dan Stearns, advisor Title Abstract Contents Introduction Reasons For Automation Functionality Of Original BAE Design Problems and Solutions System Complexity Comparative Functionality Opening Delays Financial Hardship Summary Glossary References THE DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTOMATED BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM by Michael Schloh Computer Science Department School of Engineering California Polytechnic State University 1996 Date Submitted: February 16, 1996 Advisor: Daniel Stearns ABSTRACT This document discusses events at the new Denver International Airport that resulted in opening delays of the airport. The scope is limited to the automated baggage handling system, which was the primary source of failure warranting the airports several opening delays. Analysis of the failing system is comprehensive. Research is conducted using a variety of sources. The final report is published on the worldwide web. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Reasons For Automation 2 Functionality Of Original BAE Design 3 Problems and Solutions 6 System Complexity 12 Comparative Functionality 14 Opening Delays 15 Financial Hardship 17 Summary 19 Glossary 20 References 21 INTRODUCTION This research concerns the automated baggage handling system which was built by BAE Automated Systems, Incorporated of Carrollton, Texas for the Denver International Airport. The analysis of this system provides an important topic of study. From the baggage systems failure, principles of computer systems were clarified and many lessons were learned or relearned by those involved in the BAE project. While there are a variety of issues to learn from the many operations in the construction of the Denver International Airport, focus is placed on the baggage system itself. Some less relevant chapters serve to inform the reader of the occurrences that were influencing the timing and financial properties of the baggage system work as it was built. Reasons For Automation begins by describing how it was decided that Denver International Airport would have an automated baggage handling system. A short review of the history of Denver International Airport in its planning stage illustrates the options that Denver had to choose from. Functionality Of Original BAE Design describes how the baggage system was intended to work. It is a detailed explanation of what makes the system work. Here, parts of computer machinery are itemized, and specifications are explained. Problems and Solutions is the largest chapter and describes what went wrong, and how the problems were solved. This chapter includes descriptions of mistakes made in both the design and construction of the system. Obvious problems such as paint covered optical scanners are explained. Less understandable problems such as the puzzling line balancing problem receive attention. Problems with scheduling and complexity are quickly reviewed, since both topics receive chapters of their own later in the report. System Complexity was likely the predominant cause of the baggage systems failure. Surely many current control and information systems projects in the design phase could be simplified at great benefit to the construction and maintenance of them. The BAE designs failure provides more than enough incentive for other engineers to redesign or simplify a complex design when success of the whole system is at stake. Present industrial trends are horrific. By some estimates, 75 percent of all information systems projects are plagued with quality problems, and only 1 percent of them are completed on time. Comparative Functionality explains how the baggage system really worked when the Denver International Airport finally opened on February 28, 1995. Needless to say, its performance was quite different from what the systems original specification called for. This chapter, in a sense, is a dream versus reality comparison. Opening Delays tells how the project schedule was affected by the profound complexity of the design. The confusion resulted in a prolonged testing phase, reducing the process to solving by trial and error. Systems analysts and engineers hacked together solutions as they went. This unappealing course did the job at the expense of time. Financial Hardship describes the way that the airport was initially funded and the direction of its financing after problems and delays affected its credit. This chapter explains what the city of Denver and airlines did to account for budget deficits and cost overruns. Summary concludes the study with a review of the lessons learned, and how they can be constructive in avoiding similar failures or even worse, larger failures of catastrophic magnitude. REASONS FOR AUTOMATION United Airlines Request Early in the planning stage, United Airlines insisted on an automated high speed baggage system, like the one it operates in San Francisco. After some consideration, Denver agreed that not only would United have an automated high speed baggage handling system, but so would the rest of the airports three concourses. Denver officials had sound reasoning in choosing to install an automated baggage handling system. Before deciding on buying an airport-wide system, Denver officials had previously assumed that each airline would design their own system, according to its own needs. When the airlines failed to produce their own designs, Denver investigated the option of buying a system to service all airlines in a unified manner. When the planners considered a traditional manual baggage handling system using tugs and carts, it appeared to be inadequate for a few reasons. Moving baggage by the traditional system is a labor intensive and expensive process. The tugs are diesel powered and would not have been able to travel through the poorly ventilated underground tunnels due to the high volume of diesel exhaust that would have choked the tug drivers and other workers. Even if ventilation had been installed, the heavy volume of large tugs and carts would have jammed the small tunnels as they passed each other or turned corners. Long Distances An additional concern involved spanning the great distances of the airport. At the Denver International Airport, distance and speed of delivery have especially significant importance because the distances between passengers, planes, gates, ticket counters, concourses, and the terminal are much larger than at other airports. The closest concourse, concourse A, is 1,300 feet away from the passenger terminal. The farthest, concourse C, is a full mile from the terminal. Concourse B itself is . 7 miles long. To keep flights on schedule, speed becomes critical in moving baggage. Furthermore, across such great distances the only direct route for baggage moving is through the underground tunnels, which are incapable of accommodating gas-powered tugs. Taking baggage on tug and cart by route of the runway aprons could take as long as fifty minutes, thereby missing most flights. Glenn Rifkin states, For an airport this size, a conventional baggage system simply wouldnt work. Increased Profits For Airlines The airlines were as disappointed as the city in a traditional manual system. In general, airlines maximize their profits by keeping their planes airborne, not grounded and waiting for baggage. United knows this too well after enduring some of the worst gridlock and bottlenecking in the nation at Denvers Stapleton International Airport. Stapleton frequently ranked fiftieth out of fifty airports rated for on time performance according to Briggs Gamblin, a spokesman for Mayor Webb. United accordingly sought to keep their airplanes in flight and on time by insisting on an automated system in the construction of the new airport. Denver began researching the possibility of an airport-wide automated system, and with BAEs help, planned such a system and sent it to bid. FUNCTIONALITY OF ORIGINAL BAE DESIGN Savior Of Modern Flying When the automated baggage system design for the Denver International Airport was introduced, it was hailed as the savior of modern airport design. Designed by BAE Automated Systems of Carrollton, Texas (previously Boeing Airport Equipment), it allows airport planners to design airports of larger size, using narrow corridors and tunnels for baggage where no tug and cart system can run. Furthermore, it requires none of the manual labor personnel, and can be used as easily in pinpointing the location of baggage as in moving it. The design truly fits its description as the worlds most advanced baggage handling system. It is intended to run faster and more reliable than traditional technology. Its automation is so thorough, that in most cases, baggage offloaded from an aircraft doesnt see a human until it meets with its owner at the baggage claim. The systems speed outperforms even the airports high speed trains. Flyers never have to hover around the baggage terminal waiting for their baggage as with traditional systems, because their baggage arrives at the claim before they do. On departure, their baggage arrives at the aircraft before they do. Other Automated Baggage Systems While the automated baggage system design of Denver International Airport is unique in complexity, technology, and capacity, it is not the worlds first such system. The three other airports that have such systems are San Francisco International Airport, Rhein-Main International Airport in Frankfurt, and Franz Joseph Strauss Airport in Munich. The major distinctions that separate Denvers design are size and complexity. While Denvers design is integrated to sort baggage from all airlines throughout the whole airport and deliver over a thousand bags per minute, the other airports use systems that are localized to much smaller baggage loops and offer less capacity. San Franciscos system is ten times smaller and handles fourteen times less in speed and capacity. The system in Frankfurt runs on trays and conveyor belts rather than Denvers high speed telecars and is three times smaller in size. Munichs automated design is similar to Denvers but far less complex. High Speed Denvers baggage system design calls for replacing the traditional slow conveyor belts with telecars that roll freely on underground tracks at more than three times the speed. A telecar that is loading baggage rolls at 4. 5 miles per hour. A telecar that is unloading its baggage rolls at 8. 5 miles per hour. A telecar in transit rolls at a fast 19 miles per hour. Each track can handle 60 telecars per minute. It is the combination of using Denver International Airports underground tunnel network and swift speeds that allows all baggage to move between any concourse and the airport terminal in less than nine minutes. In Uniteds concourse B, transfer baggage moves between any two gates in under six minutes. According to Briggs Gamblin, a spokesman for Denver Mayor Wellington Webb, the systems high speed nature is intended to shave minutes off the turnaround time of each arriving or departing flight. Components The BAE design includes a number of high-tech components. It calls for 300 486-class computers distributed in eight control rooms, a Raima Corp. database running on a Netframe Systems fault-tolerant NF250 server, a high-speed fiber-optic ethernet network, 14 million feet of wiring, 56 laser arrays, 400 frequency readers, 22 miles of track, 6 miles of conveyor belts, 3,100 standard telecars, 450 oversized telecars, 10,000 motors, and 92 PLCs to control motors and track switches. With so much equipment serving such a large area, the Denver International Airports baggage system is the worlds largest. This project is of the same magnitude as the Panama Canal or the English Channel Tunnel, said Mayor Webb. The systems total cost is $193 million dollars. Baggage Handling Process Because of the revolutionary automated baggage system, the process of handling baggage is unique at Denver International Airport. At check-in, agents stick glue-backed bar code labels on baggage, identifying the bags owner, flight number, final destination, and intermediate connections and airlines. Instead of printed bar code tags, Uniteds portion of the system uses photocells that serve the same purpose. The check-in agent then puts the bag on a conveyor belt. Since no baggage can move without a telecar holding it, a system exists for dealing with telecar allocation. Empty car management software is the heart of the allocation system, dispatching empty telecars to where the tracking computers anticipate they will be needed. The computers sense changes in demand by measuring the flow of passengers throughout the airport. During peak times, all 3,550 telecars are available for moving baggage. When an empty telecar arrives, the conveyor belt holding the bag advances. Then a type of high-speed luggage bowling machine flings the bag at a T-intersection just as the telecar moves by, catching the bag in its fiberglass tray. Each telecar has a tray for this purpose that tilts into three positions for automatically loading, carrying, and unloading its baggage. In Denver International Airports system, telecars do not stop for loading or unloading, they only slow. This type of Dynamic loading increases handling capacity and saves energy as well. Before the telecar speeds away, a laser scanner similar to those used in grocery stores reads the bar code tag on the bags handle and associates the bag with its telecar. These laser scanners are triggered by photo-electric sensors that detect a telecars presence. Telecars pass photo-electric sensors every 150 to 200 feet of track. The computer that scans the bar code tags then sends information to a BAE sortation computer that translates it by using a look up table to match the flight number with the appropriate gate. A tracking computer guides the telecar to its destination by communicating with the hockey puck-sized radio transponders mounted on the side of each telecar. The telecars are able to move on the tracks by linear induction motors, or LIMs, which are mounted periodically on the tracks, and push the telecars along. A metal fin on the bottom of each telecar slides through each induction motor gaining impulse as it goes. Telecars merge with other telecar traffic and exit to unload stations by computers which control PLCs, or programmable logic controllers. The computer tracking a specific telecar directs it by communicating with PLCs that are responsible for causing track switches. Tracking Baggage As the telecars roll, the tracking computers monitor each of the systems thousands of radio transponderswhich emit millions of messages per second. The computers must also track all gate assignments so that the telecars can be re-routed if a change is made. The tracking computers can also re-route bags to special inspection stations, including one that is bomb proof. The same computers must keep track of obstructions or failures as well, so that telecars can automatically detour around a stalled vehicle or jammed track. Oversized Baggage In addition to standard-sized baggage, the system can also accommodate nonstandard-sized baggage on oversized telecars that measure 6. 5 feet long by 4 feet wide. The oversized telecars are essentially double-length standard telecars. They are meant for non-standard size baggage which in Denver typically tends to be skis and golf bags. The oversized telecars navigate through twists, turns, and switches the same way the standard telecars do. Security Impressingly, the system can work in full capacity for 18 hours every day at a 99. 5 percent efficiency rate. Two counter-circulating closed-loop tracks with multiple routing connections provide for future expansion and add redundancy to guard against unanticipated problems. To protect against malice that could theoretically shut down the whole airport by halting the flow of baggage, tight computer security is built into the baggage system. The system has strict access privileges for workers, and its command center is well guarded and locked behind steel doors. Despite BAEs conflicting advice, the entire automated baggage system is run by DIAs information systems staff of 18 employees, according to Ivan Drinks, director of MIS for both Stapleton and Denver International Airport. Object-Oriented Architecture Fortunately, the automated baggage handling system illustrates the principle of object oriented design beautifully. It sends messages to objects (the telecars), which respond by returning other objects (baggage and empty telecars) to the sender. Its real-time software was programmed in OS/2 and intended to run on OS/2 version 2. 0. Decentralized computing allows the baggage system to operate independently of the airports information systems department. The only dependence within the system involves coordination with the airlines flight reservation and information systems. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Denvers Baggage Problems The Denver International Airports automated baggage system experienced such horrific problems that most with an opinion on the matter are thrilled to elaborate on their sense of what went wrong. It seemed that what could go wrong, did go wrong. Even the signs directing passengers to the baggage claim led to a concrete wall. Unfortunately, analyzing the true nature of the systems faults is not an easy task. Problems were so widespread, that possibly no small number of reasons can alone account for the chaotic performance in the systems early testing. Insight can be found in examining the accounts of some key people who were involved in the baggage project. Expert Opinions In response to criticism after the third opening delay, BAE president Gene DiFonso explained, We simply ran out of test time because of changes requested by the airlines, problems working around other vendors, and failures in the airports electrical power supply. Denver aviation director James C. DeLong maintained that baggage software glitches and electrical supply harmonics were late and unexpected obstacles to opening the Denver International Airport. According to David Hughes of Aviation Week Space Technology, contributing factors to the baggage systems problems included concrete mechanical, electrical, and software flaws. William B. Scott of Aviation Week Space Technology believed that the systems troubles originated in more fundamental miscalculations such as overall system complexity, underestimation of tasks, a steady stream of changes requested by both airline and Denver officials, and politics. Politics Political issues were a surprising obstacle in the progress of the automated baggage system design and installation. George Rolf, an urban planning professor from the University of Washington, said that publicly run projects like Denver International Airport encounter problems because you have two distinct processes going on, one political and the other technical, and they have little to do with one another. One example of this claim is Denvers refusal to award the job of operating the baggage system to BAE, the only company that well understood it. The basis of this decision revolved around political but impractical ideals. Essentially, Denver officials suspected that BAE would not hire enough minorities and women, although BAE said they would. Richard Woodbury wrote, In the wake of political infighting over who should get the lucrative contract, it went to an outsider, Aircraft Service International of Miami, which has had to race to fathom the system in a few months. A Denver insider declared, It was raw greed. Everyone wanted a piece of the contract moneys. The city lost control at the outset, and the project was destined to run amuck. Further political problems ran through the entire Denver International Airport construction in the presence of rhetoric and false assurances to the bond market. Some of the statements made by Denver in defense of construction delays and practices bordered the lines of legality. Mike Boyd, an analyst who heads Aviation Systems Research Corporation in Golden, Colorado said, This is an airport built for politicians, not for airlines. When you look at the numbers and what theyre telling bond houses, it is absolutely shocking. None of the significant numbers that the city has been putting out since the airport was started have held true. Other political troubles included Denvers alleged falsifying of temporary certificates of occupancy (TCOs) in the midst of the baggage system crisis to appease the airlines, and a lawsuit with the Park Hill Neighborhood Association barring a partial airport opening. Consequently, in January of 1994, both the Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission subpoenaed key Denver International Airport documents. In February of 1994, the U. S. attorneys office sent investigators to Denver to interview city officials and probe into alleged wrongdoings. In August of 1994, a federal grand jury began investigating the Denver International Airport for fraudulent contracting, trading, testing, and construction financing practices. In late October of 1994, a congressional auditing agency became involved in Denver International Airports financial woes. The General Accounting Office (GAO) reported that despite Denvers delays and losses, the citys chances of avoiding default were good. Technologically Advanced The BAE design is technologically advanced. According to Richard de Neufville, it is not the next generation of baggage system, it is more like a jump from third to fifth or sixth generation. Unfortunately, BAE misused its technological advantage by expecting spectacular performance from the system components, and not allowing them a proper margin of error. The components were expected to perform to their highest theoretical capabilities. Bruce Van Zandt, operations manager for the backbone communications network at Denver International Airport stated, The system pushed the envelope of technology. The components that were put into the system were run right to the limit of what they were designed for. When any of the components failed in this respect, others failed as well due to the systems inherently tight coupling. Planning BAE, DiFonso said, was originally contracted by United in the fall of 1991 to build a baggage system specifically for United Airlines at the new Denver International Airport. The airline, he said, was concerned that after several years into the project, the city still had not contracted for a baggage system. Indeed, Denvers baggage system design was an afterthought to the construction of the airport. The BAE system was detailed well after construction of Denver International Airport had begun. When construction of the automated baggage system finally began, problems arose due to the constraints of the buildings and structures which would contain the baggage systems tracks and other components. Unfortunately, the system had to fit into the underground tunnels and available space given the challenging and unrelated Denver International Airport construction plans. Tight geometry resulted in additional construction difficulties. Telecars had to make unreasonably sharp turns on tracks shoehorned into corners at considerable inconvenience. According to Bernie Knill, an obvious solution to such poor planning techniques entails designing the baggage handling system with the building, and installing the system as the surrounding structure is being built. Schedule BAE officials said that a timetable for the opening of the airport was never realistic and should have taken potential problems into account. When asked about the ambitious timeline, one BAE official responded, We knew that was not long enough and we said so. Its a job that ought to take twice as long. While the media hammered BAE for their role in the delays, BAE vice president of engineering Ralph Doughty voiced his frustration. Its a 3-4 year job we were asked to do in 2 years, he said. Denver Aviation Director James C. DeLong offered the explanation, We had a project that should have taken seven years and we tried to do it in four years. We just misjudged. Well probably do it in five. As the project fell more and more behind, human error became a factor due to a more truncated training and testing period. Requirements Modifications and Other Changes When BAE accepted the job, no changes to the project were anticipated, DiFonso said. However, once BAEs work had begun, Denver officials often altered plans and timetables without consulting either the airlines or BAE. Even worse, when changes were made to one part of the system, it was not clearly understood how the changes would affect the system as a whole. To reduce its construction costs, United decided to remove an entire loop from its own ambitious design for concourse B. Rather than two complete loops of track, United wanted just one. This change shaved $20 million off the systems price, but required a complicated and untimely redesign. Other changes were made such as relocation of outside stations, addition of a mezzanine baggage platform, and Continentals request for a larger baggage link. As the project matured, it grew in size and complexity. Design changes increased the systems technical difficulties that consistently hampered progress. When BAE learned that the centralized systems faults ran through the rest of its tightly coupled subsystems, they chose to decentralize all of the tracking and sorting computers. Such major design changes deserved review of alternate courses. However, due to the condensed development and testing schedule, on the fly design changes that typically require major design alterations were treated with minor patchwork Chaos The first time that BAE ran the baggage system for performance testing, the resulting chaos was sobering. In March of 1994, the installation staff ran the BAE system for several media groups. Faults throughout the entire baggage system destroyed bags and flung suitcases out of telecars. The next day, phrases like bags were literally chewed up, and clothing and other personal belongings flying through the air hit newspapers. Telecars jumped tracks and crashed into each other. Suitcases went flying like popcorn kernels, some of them breaking in half, spewing underwear in every direction. When the telecars crashed into one another they bent rails and disgorged clothing from suitcases. Others jammed or mysteriously failed to appear when summoned. Telecars crashed into each other especially frequently at intersections. Many dumped their baggage off at the wrong place. Some telecars became jammed by the very clothing they were carrying. As the telecars flung their bags off or ripped them open, the clothing clogged the telecar rails, halting traffic and crashing other telecars in back. Most telecars holding bags with unreadable bar codes were routed to holding stations. Other telecars that knew were they were going collided with telecars that couldnt remember. On May 2, 1994, DiFonso addressed the situation, and stated that the system was not malfunctioning, it just hadnt been fully tested yet. BAE officials blamed the mutilation and other problems not on a defective design, but on software glitches, and mechanical failures. They found one reason for baggage mutilation involved the airport personnel. When workers placed bags on the conveyor belts upright, the system frequently jammed or shredded the bags. When the bags were placed correctly, laying flat, the performance improved. BAE found many design culprits and appropriately made changes. Slowly, BAE improved the systems general performance. Unfortunately, in August of 1994, the systems performance was still poor. Even during planning of the alternative tug and cart baggage system, telecars continued to collide and fall off their tracks. In late August, Glen Rifkin of Forbes wrote, Throughout the day, workers are seen unclogging tracks lined with bags that have been cut in half. Morale was low among the installation crew. When asked how the test bags were damaged, one worker replied in mock horror, Its not eatin bags. A truck ran over these outside. Software Ginger Evans, director of engineering for Denver International Airport, claimed that BAE didnt pay enough attention to the programming issues early enough in the design process. She believed that alleged troubles with building access or mechanical issues werent the problem. Its that the programming is not done, she said. She faults BAE for this inadequacy. Others contend that many problems of mechanical nature originated in the buggy software. According to Glenn Rifkin of Forbes, software sent out carts too early or too late. Robert L. Scheier of PC Week alleged that it was the systems software problems that resulted in the airports 3,550 baggage telecars crashing into each other or becoming stranded along its 22 miles of track. BAE president Gene DiFonso contested allegations of faulty software playing the central role in the systems horrific performance by stating that Software was not the major problem. It was an electromechanical problem. The system was stutter-stepping because the electromechanical side wasnt fully up to the softwares capability. However, DiFonso admitted that program code had been a nightmare at times. He revealed that the burden of writing code for establishing and maintaining communication with the airlines reservation systems was heavy. Particularly challenging was the duty of connecting with Uniteds Apollo reservation computers. A definite element in the disarray of the communication software was the process of language translation, since BAEs computers had to converse in the same software language as of each airline. Such translation work is painstaking and often laden with bugs. While writing code for the communication, tracking, and other numerous applications, the software grew more complicated. As a consequence, the code completion agenda experienced the threat of becoming unmanageable due to escalating levels of complexity. By principle, as program code grows in complexity, it becomes increasingly hard to track or understand (see Complexity Of the System). Instances of systems code delaying the opening of large projects abound. For example, the English Channel Tunnel was delayed for about a year by problems with more than three million lines of code. Only adding to confusion, applications of such size typically borrow from a number of object code libraries and other resources. As Bjarne Strousoup noted in 1987, No major program is ever written in the programming language as described in its basic language manual. Libraries of all sorts are used and often determine the structure of the program. Finding the origin of a glitch can consequently be nearly impossible. A giant project held hostage by troublesome software code and insufficient testing is the technologists worst nightmare. When troubles arose with the Denver baggage systems complicated code, BAE programmers had to customize the software to handle each individual software related problem. This process rudely resulted in code hacking. If the baggage handling system has all of its problems solved, it will be via hack-o-rama, wrote Larry OBrian. System Testing According to John Dodge, 75 percent of all information systems projects are plagued by quality problems, and only 1 percent of the projects are completed on time. Dodge cites insufficient software testing as the most frequent culprit and describes it as one of the thorniest client/server issues. Munich officials had advised Denver to leave plenty of time and resources for testing. At the Munich airport, where a smaller automated baggage system sorts baggage, engineers spent two years testing the system. In addition, the system was up and running 24 hours a day for six months before the airport even opened. The Munich officials said that the Denver staff did not heed their advice. Although BAE had tried to leave sufficient time for testing, they were constrained by their promises of a quick pace in developing the system. Moreover, troubleshooting the maze of software was a slow process. According to DiFonso himself, Underestimating the time required to discover problems, fix them, and retest, was the main reason for the opening delays. Testing the systems mechanical side was